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吡喃并吲哚类化合物是由吡喃环与吲哚环通过不同方式稠合而成的一类杂环化合物,广泛存在于植物、真菌及海洋生物的天然产物中。由于其独特的电子分布、多样的稠合方式以及丰富的反应位点,这类化合物展现出抗炎、抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗病毒等多种生物活性,已成为药物化学领域的研究热点之一。系统综述了吡喃并吲哚类化合物的合成方法及其生物活性研究进展,按照吡喃环与吲哚环的不同稠合位点(例如[2,3-b]、[3,4-b]、[4,3-b]、[3,2-b]、[2,3-e]、[3,2-e]、[2,3-g]等)进行分类,总结了近十年来发展的主要合成策略,包括DABCO催化串联反应、双功能方酰胺催化环化、钯催化脱羧环加成、电化学双氧化环化、铑催化C-H活化、氧化石墨烯催化串联环化、BaTiO3纳米颗粒超声辅助一锅法合成等。这些方法在底物适应性、立体选择性、原子经济性和绿色化学等方面各具特色,为构建结构多样的吡喃并吲哚骨架提供了有力工具。在生物活性方面,归纳了代表性化合物的活性评价结果及初步构效关系,涵盖了抗HIV、抗白血病、抗乳腺癌、抗炎、抗菌等方向。此外,还深入分析了该类化合物在药物开发中面临的挑战,包括天然来源有限、结构多样性尚未充分开发、不对称合成方法仍不完善、多数研究停留于活性初筛阶段、作用靶点与机制尚不明确等。最后,展望了未来的研究方向,提出应结合有机合成与合成生物学技术,发展高效绿色的合成策略,深化构效关系研究,明确作用靶点,推动吡喃并吲哚类化合物向临床候选药物转化。旨在为新型吡喃并吲哚类先导化合物的发现与结构优化提供理论依据与实践参考。
Abstract:Pyranoindole compounds are a class of heterocyclic frameworks formed by the pyran and indole rings via various fusion modes. These structures are widely distributed in natural products derived from plants, fungi, and marine organisms. Owing to their unique electronic distributions, diverse fusion patterns, and abundant reactive sites, pyranoindoles exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, and antiviral effects. Therefore, they have become a significant focus of research in medicinal chemistry. This review systematically summarizes the recent progress in the synthesis and biological evaluation of pyranoindole derivatives over the past decade, with a particular emphasis on classification according to the different fusion sites of the pyran and indole rings, such as [2,3-b], [3,4-b], [4,3-b], [3,2-b], [2,3-e], [3,2-e], and [2,3-g]. A diverse range of synthetic strategies has been developed. These include DABCO-catalyzed tandem Michael–Knoevenagel and oxa-Michael cyclization sequences, bifunctional squaramide-catalyzed Michael addition/cyclization, palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative cycloaddition enabling the dearomatization of 3-nitroindoles, iodine-promoted one-pot three-component reactions, electrochemical dual-oxidation cycloadditions, rhodium-catalyzed C-H activation and dual oxygen-coordinated annulations, graphene oxide-catalyzed tandem reactions in both organic and aqueous media, and BaTiO3 nanoparticle-assisted ultrasonic one-pot syntheses. Each strategy offers distinct advantages in terms of the substrate scope, stereocontrol, atom economy, and environmental compatibility. These methods have enabled the efficient assembly of structurally diverse pyranoindole scaffolds, including spirocyclic, tetracyclic, and fluorinated derivatives, with high yields and stereoselectivities in many cases. In terms of biological activities, representative pyranoindole derivatives have shown promising results in various pharmacological assays. Despite these findings, several challenges remain in the development of pyranoindole-based drug candidates. The natural sources of these compounds are limited, necessitating efficient chemical or biosynthetic approaches. However, existing synthetic routes often suffer from lengthy procedures, poor regio- and stereocontrol, and a limited substrate scope. Moreover, the structural diversity of pyranoindoles has not yet been fully exploited, particularly in terms of their asymmetric synthesis. Most biological studies are still in the preliminary stages of screening. The precise molecular targets, mechanisms of action, and comprehensive structure-activity relationships (SARs) remain largely unclear. To address these issues, future studies should focus on integrating synthetic organic chemistry and biology to develop efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies. Therefore, detailed SAR studies and target identification are urgently required to guide rational drug design. If these challenges are successfully addressed, pyranoindole compounds are expected to become promising candidates for treating various diseases, thereby offering new opportunities for drug discovery and development. This review serves as a valuable reference for the discovery and structural optimization of novel pyranoindole-based lead compounds.
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基本信息:
DOI:10.13822/j.cnki.hxsj.2026.0106
中图分类号:O626
引用信息:
[1]甘旭梅,陈伟杰,王翠霞,等.吡喃并吲哚类化合物的合成及生物活性的研究进展[J].化学试剂().DOI:10.13822/j.cnki.hxsj.2026.0106.
基金信息:
广西自然科学基金项目(2025GXNSFBA069322); 广西高校中青年教师科研基础能力提升项目(2025KY0385); 广西中医药大学第三批“岐黄工程“高层次人才团队培育项目(202408);广西中医药大学大学生科研训练课题项目(2022DXS11)
2026-05-19
2026-05-19
2026-05-19